1.1 Introduction

The purpose of this Section is to describe the context within which the National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS) has been developed. This includes the methodology followed in developing the NWMS, the legislative context that frames the development of the NWMS, and a problem statement which the NWMS seeks to address.

This NWMS seeks a common platform for action between stakeholders to systematically improve waste management in South Africa. The country is faced with a rapidly growing, urbanisation and consumerist population but our environment has a finite ability to absorb solid and liquid waste.

Through the country's commitment to sustainable development, South Africa aims to balance the broader economic and social challenges of a developing and unequal society while protecting our environmental resources. There is a need to eliminate the unnecessary use of raw materials and the need to support sustainable product design, resource efficiency and waste prevention. This means re-using products where possible; and recovering value from products when they reach their life span through recycling, composting or energy recovery. While the elimination of waste in its entirety may not be feasible, it is possible through the systematic application of the waste management hierarchy to reach a point within the next few decades where, re-use, recycling, recovery and treatment overtake landfills as preferred options for waste management.

The NWMS is a legislative requirement of the National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 (Act No. 59 of 2008), here after referred to as the "Waste Act". The purpose of the NWMS is to achieve the objects of the Waste Act, which defines its scope and specifies its contents. Organs of state and affected persons are obliged to give effect to the NWMS.

The Waste Act indicates that the Minister must review the strategy at intervals of not more than five years. While the period that the strategy covers is not specified, the bulk of its provisions will relate to the five year period prior to the next review of the strategy.

The NWMS consists of five sections, each containing a number of sub-sections:

1. Section One describes the methodology followed in developing the NWMS, establishes the legislative context framing the NWMS, and sets out the challenges facing the management of waste.
2. Section Two sets out the overall goals and approach to implementing the NWMS, and the strategies to be followed to achieve each of the goals.
3. Section Three describes each of the regulatory and economic instruments that will be used to give effect to the strategy set out in Section Two.
4. Section Four deals with institutional mechanisms for implementing the NWMS, and sets out the roles, responsibilities, coordination and review mechanisms.
5. The last section is an action plan that sets out how the three spheres of government and industry will give effect to the NWMS is in Appendix One.

1.2 Approach and methodology

The development of the NWMS has been guided by a consultative process⁴, including public participation and consultation with relevant national and provincial departments. Involving stakeholders in the process has been more than merely a legislative requirement, since crucial aspects of waste management, such as waste separation and recycling, are performed by households, businesses and organisations outside of government.

Developing the strategy followed a consultative process in four phases shown in the table below.

Table 2: Phases for developing the NWMS

PHASE	ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
INCEPTION PHASE March - June 2009	Review of previous policies & drafting of NWMS framework. Establishment of Project Steering Committee. Launch of NWMS website as part of online consultation process. Key outputs: Stakeholder Consultation Report, NWMS Framework, & NWMS website
SITUATION & BASELINE STUDIES June - September 2009	Research conducted on identified key topics. Consultation on baseline research reports. Synthesis paper summarising key issues arising out of the baseline research reports and consultation process, and the development of a strategic issues paper. Key outputs: Research Papers, Research Conference & Strategic Issues paper
STRATEGY FORMULATION September 2009 – April 2010	Consultation on strategic issues paper. Review of stakeholder comments, engagement with Project Steering Committee and key government agencies. Preparation of first draft of the NWMS. Key outputs: agreement on key strategic issues, first draft of NWMS
CONSULTATION & FINALISATION May 2010 – July 2011	Publication of draft NWMS for comment. Extensive consultations on the NWMS with the three spheres of government, industry and civil society. Based on stakeholder inputs, finalisation of the NWMS. Approval of NWMS by Cabinet. Key outputs: Publication of NWMS

An innovative feature of the consultation process has been a website (www.wastepolicy.co.za/nwms/) to facilitate public participation and comments on the key policy documents produced as part of the drafting of the NWMS.

Consultation with government departments, provinces and municipalities has ensured that the NWMS is an integrated strategy for the whole of government, and is aligned with institutional capacity and intergovernmental systems. The NWMS seeks to mainstream waste management in government planning and reporting systems.

 

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4. As required by sections 72 and 73 of the Waste Act.

1.3 Constitutional and legal framework

The Constitution of South Africa, 1996 (the Constitution) provides the foundation for environmental regulation and policy in South Africa. The right to environmental protection and to live in an environment that is not harmful to health or well-being is set out in the Bill of Rights (section 24 of Chapter 2). This fundamental right underpins environmental policy and law, in particular the framework environmental legislation established by the National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No. 107 of 1998) (NEMA).

The Waste Act fundamentally reforms the law regulating waste management, and for the first time provides a coherent and integrated legislative framework addressing all the steps in the waste management hierarchy. The waste management hierarchy provides a systematic and hierarchical approach to integrated waste management, addressing in turn waste avoidance, reduction, re-use, recycling, recovery, treatment, and safe disposal as a last resort.

NEMA introduced a number of additional guiding principles into South African environmental legislation, including the life-cycle approach to waste management, producer responsibility, the precautionary principle and the polluter pays principle. Chapter 5 of NEMA provides instruments for integrated waste management. NEMA also places a duty of care on any persons who may cause significant pollution or degradation of the environment, requiring them to institute measures to either prevent pollution from occurring, or to minimise and rectify the pollution or degradation where it cannot reasonably be avoided. The Waste Act echoes the duty of care provision by obliging holders of waste to take reasonable measures to implement the waste management hierarchy.

The Constitution assigns concurrent legislative competence to national and provincial government with respect to the environment and pollution control (section 146 of the Constitution). It assigns exclusive provincial legislative competence to the local government matters of cleansing and refuse removal, refuse dumps and solid waste disposal. The Constitution allows national legislation to set national norms and standards relating to these matters in cases where national uniformity is required to deal effectively with the issue.

Norms and standards are therefore the foundation of the regulatory system established by the Waste Act. The Waste Act obliges national government to develop norms and standards on key regulatory matters, while it may develop additional norms and standards on certain ancillary matters. Provinces and municipalities may also develop standards provided they do not conflict with national standards.

The Waste Act needs to be read in conjunction with the body of legislation that regulates local government, including the Municipal Finance Management Act, 2003, and the Municipal Systems Act, 2000, which create the overall framework for planning, budgeting, service delivery and reporting at local government level.

The Waste Act establishes cooperative governance mechanisms for dealing with matters such as waste planning, designation of waste management officers and performance reporting. National and provincial government departments are also constitutionally obliged to support municipalities in the execution of their functions.

The Waste Act also needs to be read in conjunction with other sectoral legislation. For example, the Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act, 2002 section 39(3)(iii) states that Environmental Management Plans must comply with any prescribed waste standard or management standards or practices.

The Waste Act does not apply to areas that are regulated by their sectoral legislation, including: radioactive waste⁵, residue deposits and residue stockpiles⁶; the disposal of explosives⁷; and the disposal of animal carcasses⁸.

 

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5. Radioactive Waste regulated by the: Hazardous Substances Act, 1973 (Act No. 15 of 1973), the National Nuclear Regulator Act, 1999 (Act No. 47 of 1999), and the Nuclear Energy Act, 1999 (Act No. 46 of 1999)
6. Residue deposits and stockpiles regulated by: the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, 2002 (Act No. 28 of 2002.)
7. Disposal of explosives regulated by: the Explosives Act, 2003 (Act No.15 of 2003)
8. Disposal of animal carcasses regulated by: the Animal Health Act, 2002 (Act No. 7 of 2002)

1.4 Definition and scope

The Waste Act introduced a definition of waste, which has major implications for those activities that were traditionally not treated or regarded as waste. The Waste Act defines waste as follows:

"waste" means any substance, whether or not that substance can be reduced, reused, recycled and recovered -

1. that is surplus, unwanted, rejected, discarded, abandoned or disposed of;
2. which the generator has no further use of for the purposes of production;
3. that must be treated or disposed of; or
4. that is identified as a waste by the Minister by notice in the Gazette, and includes waste generated by the mining, medical or other sector; but -
   
   1. a by-product is not considered waste; and
   2. any portion of waste, once re-used, recycled and recovered, ceases to be waste;

Given the exclusion of by-products, their definition in terms of the Waste Act is important:

"by-product" means a substance that is produced as part of a process that is primarily intended to produce another substance or product and that has the characteristics of an equivalent virgin product or material;

To clarify some of these definitions, DEA has published its intended interpretation of the definition of waste and by-product as used in the Waste Act to help stakeholders understand the Department’s intentions.

1.5 International obligations

The NWMS must give effect to South Africa’s international obligations in terms of waste management⁹.

The modern system of global environmental governance is to a large degree a consequence of the Rio Earth Summit 1992 and Agenda 21, which set in motion a series of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). In relation to hazardous substances and waste, four principal conventions apply:

1. The Rotterdam Convention, acceded to by South Africa in 2002, promotes and enforces transparency in the importation of hazardous chemicals.
2. The Basel Convention, acceded to by South Africa in 1994, addresses the need to control the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes and their disposal, setting out the categorization of hazardous waste and the policies between member countries.
3. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), to which South Africa became a signatory in 2001 and ratified in 2002, requires that member countries phase out POPs and prevent their import or export.
4. The Montreal Protocol, to which South Africa became a signatory in 1990 and ratified subsequent amendments, phases out the production of certain substances and so protects the ozone layer.

The South African government must give effect to the provisions of the international conventions to which the country has acceded. Section 4.6 will explore in more detail the mechanisms that are already operational or that will be established to give effect to the waste related conventions.

 

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9. Section 6(1)(b), section 43(1)(b) and section 43(1)(d) of the Waste Act.

1.6 Problem statement

Waste management in South Africa faces numerous challenges and the NWMS sets out plans, targets and measures to address them. The main challenges are:

1. A growing population and economy, which means increased volumes of waste generated. This puts pressure on waste management facilities, which are already in short supply.
2. Increased complexity of the waste stream because of urbanisation and industrialisation. The complexity of the waste stream directly affects the complexity of its management, which is compounded when hazardous waste mixes with general waste.
3. A historical backlog of waste services for, especially, urban informal areas, tribal areas and rural formal areas. Although 61%¹⁰ of all South African households had access to kerbside domestic waste collection services in 2007, this access remains highly skewed in favour of more affluent and urban communities. Inadequate waste services lead to unpleasant living conditions and a polluted, unhealthy environment.
4. Limited understanding of the main waste flows and national waste balance because the submission of waste data is not obligatory, and where data is available, it is often unreliable and contradictory.
5. A policy and regulatory environment that does not actively promote the waste management hierarchy. This has limited the economic potential of the waste management sector, which has an estimated turnover of approximately R10 billion per annum¹¹. Both waste collection and the recycling industry make meaningful contributions to job creation and GDP, and they can expand further.
6. Absence of a recycling infrastructure which will enable separation of waste at source and diversion of waste streams to material recovery and buy back facilities.
7. Growing pressure on outdated waste management infrastructure, with declining levels of capital investment and maintenance.
8. Waste management suffers from a pervasive under-pricing, which means that the costs of waste management are not fully appreciated by consumers and industry, and waste disposal is preferred over other options.
9. Few waste treatment options are available to manage waste and so they are more expensive than landfill costs.
10. Too few adequate, compliant landfills and hazardous waste management facilities, which hinders the safe disposal of all waste streams. Although estimates put the number of waste handling facilities at more than 2000¹², significant numbers of these are unpermitted.

The rest of this document explains how the NWMS will address these challenges.

 

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10. Stats SA Community Household Survey 2007 refuse removal data on 'kerbside' collection.
11. Michael Goldblatt of Palmer Development Group, "Macroeconomic trends, targets and economic instruments", paper prepared for Department of Environmental Affairs as part of NWMS process, August 2009
12. DEAT (2007), Assessment of the Status of Waste Service Delivery and capacity at Local Government level. Directorate: General Waste Management, August 2007, Draft 3.

2.1 Introduction

The purpose of this chapter is to set out the overall approach of the National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS), including the eight priority goals and accompanying objectives for its achievement. It also sets out the indicators to measure the achievements against targets which are to be met within a five-year time-frame. These targets will be reviewed five years after the NWMS adoption.

The overall purpose of the strategy is to give effect to the objects of the Waste Act, which are to protect health, well-being and the environment through sound waste management and application of the waste management hierarchy. The strategy provides a plan to give practical effect to the Waste Act, and as such it seeks to ensure that responsibility for waste management is properly apportioned.

The legacy of inadequate waste services, poorly planned and maintained waste management infrastructure, and limited regulation of waste management persistently threaten the health and wellbeing of everyone in the country. Addressing this legacy and its negative environmental and social consequences, advances people's constitutional right to a healthy environment. The NWMS aims to redress the past imbalances in waste management. For example, waste licensing will not permit landfill sites within a particular radius of a human settlement.

The eight strategic goals around which the NWMS is structured are as follows:

Goal 1:	Promote waste minimisation, re-use, recycling and recovery of waste. Focuses on implementing the waste management hierarchy, and with the ultimate aim of diverting waste from landfill.
Goal 2:	Ensure the effective and efficient delivery of waste services. Promotes access to at least a basic level of waste services for all and integrates the waste management hierarchy into waste services, including separation at source.
Goal 3:	Grow the contribution of the waste sector to the green economy. Emphasises the social and economic impact of waste management, and situates the waste strategy within the green economy approach.
Goal 4:	Ensure that people are aware of the impact of waste on their health, wellbeing and the environment. Seeks to involve communities and people as active participants in implementing a new approach to waste management.
Goal 5:	Achieve integrated waste management planning. Creates a mechanism for integrated, transparent and systematic planning of waste management activities at each level of government.
Goal 6:	Ensure sound budgeting and financial management for waste services. Provides mechanisms to establish a sustainable financial basis for providing waste services.
Goal 7:	Provide measures to remediate contaminated land. Addresses the massive backlog of public and privately owned contaminated land in South Africa.
Goal 8:	Establish effective compliance with and enforcement of the Waste Act. Ensures that everyone adheres to the regulatory requirements for waste, management, and builds a culture of compliance.

Details of the objectives, indicators and targets to achieve each goal follow later in this chapter.

2.2 Link to Government-wide Monitoring and Evaluation System

Waste management is a crucial element in a suite of environmental interventions to sustainably manage development in South Africa. As such, waste management gives effect to Outcome 10 of the Government-wide Monitoring and Evaluation System (GWM&E)¹³, namely that 'environmental assets and natural resources are well protected and continually enhanced'. This outcome consists of several outputs and sub-outputs, and waste management contributes to two of its outputs. For 'Output 2: Reduced greenhouse gas emissions, climate change and improved air quality', waste minimisation, diversion of waste from landfill, composting and reduced resource consumption will help to reduce CO₂ emissions. For 'Output 3: Sustainable Environmental Management', less and better managed waste is a key component of sustainable environmental management.

The NWMS also contributes to a number of other high level outcomes, namely:

Outcome 4: Decent Employment through Inclusive Economic Growth

Outcome 8: Sustainable Human Settlements and Improved Quality of Household Life

Outcome 9: Responsive, Accountable, Effective and Efficient Local Government System

 

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13. The Presidency: Department of Performance Monitoring and Evaluation (2010) Measurable Performance and Accountable Delivery, Outputs and Measures, Outcome 10: Environmental Assets and Natural Resources that are well protected and continually enhanced draft, 10 May 2010.

2.3 Waste Management Hierarchy

Figure 1: Waste management hierarchy

The objects of the Waste Act are structured around the steps in the waste management hierarchy, which is the overall approach that informs waste management in South Africa. Therefore, the NWMS follows the waste management hierarchy approach.

The waste management hierarchy consists of options for waste management during the lifecycle of waste, arranged in descending order of priority. All stakeholders must apply the waste management hierarchy in making decisions on how to manage waste.

The foundation of the hierarchy, and the first choice of measures in waste management, is avoidance and reduction. This step aims for goods to be designed in a manner that minimises their waste components. Also, the reduction of the quantity and toxicity of waste generated during the production process is important.

The next stage of the hierarchy is re-using waste. Re-using an article removes it from the waste stream for use in a similar or different purpose without changing its form or properties. After re-use comes the recycling of waste, which involves separating articles from the waste stream and processing them as products or raw materials.

These first four stages of the waste management hierarchy are the foundation of cradle-tocradle waste management. This approach seeks to re-use or recycle a product when it reaches the end of its life span. In this way, it becomes inputs for new products and materials. This cycle repeats itself until as small a portion as possible of the original roduct eventually enters the next level of the waste management hierarchy: recovery.

Recovery involves reclaiming particular components or materials, or using the waste as a fuel.

As a last resort, waste enters the lowest level of the hierarchy to be treated and / or disposed of, depending on the safest manner for its final disposal.

Where the quantity of waste cannot be reduced during production, the purpose of implementing the waste management hierarchy is to use waste as a resource and divert these potential resources from landfill. Although landfill is widely considered the most affordable way to manage waste, this view does not take into account factors such as the environmental impacts of landfills; the costs of developing and maintaining additional landfill capacity to accommodate the increasing rate of waste disposal; and the cost of closing and remediating the landfill.

The goals of waste avoidance and reduction and the shift from landfilling waste to using it as a resource will be discussed in greater detail in relation to Goal 1.

2.4 Partnerships and Co-regulation

Implementing the waste management hierarchy and achieving the objects of the Waste Act will require coordinated action by many players, including households, businesses, community organisations, NGOs, parastatals and the three spheres of government. This means that a consultative and partnership based approach is essential for realising the NWMS; government action alone cannot be effective. Therefore, government is committed to following a co-regulatory and consensual approach that brings different actors on board and allows scope for local initiative and creativity.

As a first step, the various waste management measures that the Act envisages will be designed and implemented in a consultative manner. This includes monitoring the effectiveness and impact of the measures after implementation. The Act¹⁴ requires public consultation when developing each waste management measure, including national and provincial norms and standards, integrated waste management plans, industry waste management plans under certain circumstances, and declaration of priority wastes.

Implementing the waste management hierarchy requires a shift in consciousness, attitudes and behaviour for businesses, organisations and households. It also requires a country wide infrastructure to enable re-use and recycling. Partnerships around effective waste management must have concrete expression in local collaboration around initiatives to improve waste management. Municipalities and local stakeholders must play an active role in establishing such partnerships and participatory community projects. The role of education, advocacy and awareness is the subject of Goal 4, where the role of partnerships will be discussed in greater detail.

Industry, organisations and households have a critically important role to play in managing their own waste streams. In several examples of successful self-regulation, businesses have come together to manage a similar waste stream because managing waste collectively is more efficient than managing it individually. The greater the extent of responsible selfregulation, the less government needs to intervene and regulate. This frees up scarce government resources for more constructive initiatives. Furthermore, well organised industries can better identify the form of regulatory support they require from government. This approach is embodied in the notion of co-regulation, where mutually defined regulatory support enhances industry's ability to manage a waste stream.

Even in the traditional government area of regulatory compliance, partnerships are needed for compliance monitoring. Both business and civil society play a crucial role in identifying areas of risk and alerting government to the need for enforcement or legal action. This will be the subject of Goal 8, which addresses the role of compliance monitoring and enforcement.

 

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14. Section 73

2.5 Regulatory model

Figure 2: NWMS tool box of measures

NWMS, a tiered and consensual approach will be followed. This approach will optimally combine regulation and compliance measures with self regulatory components, voluntary initiatives, economic incentives, and fiscal mechanisms. The approach establishes baseline regulations for the waste sector as a foundation for a co-regulatory system that relies on industry initiative and voluntary compliance. In cases where industry response proves insufficient for dealing with waste challenges or where a market failure prevails, more interventionist regulatory tools may be deployed. The approach treats the measures set out in the Waste Act as a "tool box" of instruments that are able to address specific waste management challenges.

Figure 2 shows how the tiered and consensual regulatory approach uses the toolbox of instruments. Details of this approach and the instruments are in section 3.

 

 

 

 

 

2.6 Description of goals

This section discusses each of the goals outlined in the introduction to Section 2 in greater detail. It explains the objectives that underpin the goal, the strategy to achieve the goal, the indicators that will measure if the objectives have been met and the targets for the next five years.

Goal 1: Promote waste minimisation, re-use, recycling and recovery.

One of the primary intentions of the NWMS and the Waste Act is to implement the waste management hierarchy. Goal 1 addresses the first four stages of the waste management hierarchy, and is structured around two objectives. The first objective is to promote waste minimisation in the design, composition and manufacturing of products. The second objective is to promote re-use, recycling and recovery of goods and waste materials.

The Waste Act creates a general duty for waste holders to avoid generating waste and, failing that, to minimise the amount and the toxicity of the waste generated. Thereafter, they are expected to re-use, recycle or recover waste. Various instruments in the Act give effect to this duty of care, including norms and standards, integrated waste management plans, industry waste management plans, extended producer responsibility, and priority wastes.

Promoting waste minimisation goes beyond the remit of environmental policy and depends in part on industrial policy and supporting economic instruments. Government and industry will coordinate their actions in a waste minimisation programme that knits together the different policy strands and that identifies the goods and services to which the provisions can feasibly apply. The following measures to promote waste minimisation will be implemented:

• Design principles that incorporate the re-use of goods or their dismantling into components for re-use. This measure will rely on greater investment in research and development. The existing 150% Research and Development Tax Rebate will support this measure. The Technology Innovation Agency, which facilitates innovation in design, will also promote this measure.
• The quantity and toxicity of waste produced during the manufacturing processes are concerns of the Cleaner Production Development Strategy that the National Cleaner Production Centre is implementing. Furthermore, the Waste Act's Extended Producer Responsibility provisions require the implementation of cleaner production measures.
• Industry waste management plans (IndWMPs) will set targets for waste reduction and for re-use, recycling and recovery. In 2011, plans are being prepared by the paper and packaging industry, the pesticide industry, the lighting industry (focusing on compact fluorescent lamps) and the tyres industry. IndWMPs will also be requested for selected electronic waste (e-waste) streams and batteries.

In relation to the second objective, increasing the re-use, recycling or recovery of goods and waste materials requires a coordinated effort by generators of waste, including households, businesses and organisations. Promoting the re-use, recycling or recovery of waste materials will be achieved through:

• Producer responsibility initiatives in which industry takes responsibility for the lifecycle of products that they produce, establishes methods and funding mechanisms to manage the products once they become waste, and sets targets for re-use, recycling or recovery in IndWMPs.
• Mandatory Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes declared by the Minister where IndWMPs have been ineffective and the Minister wishes to determine how certain waste streams are to be managed.
• Collection and sorting of general recyclable waste materials, supported by a recycling infrastructure. General recyclable waste collection systems will be coupled to existing waste collection services and disposal sites will be transformed into waste management sites. Material recovery facilities and buy-back centres will be established in different municipalities, and space will be provided to sort waste into re-useable and recyclable waste.
• Nationally coordinated awareness campaigns which support separation of recyclables from the domestic waste stream at source for all households, businesses and organisations¹⁵.
• Diverting particular waste streams from landfill within prescribed periods as provided for by the draft Standard for Disposal of Waste to Landfill¹⁶. Local control measures for general waste entering landfill sites will reinforce diversion of recyclable waste from these sites. Municipalities will take responsibility for diverting organic waste¹⁷, which they can compost or use in biogas digesters.
• Some waste management activities which stimulate the re-use, recycling and recovery of wastes will be listed as activities that do not require a waste management licence¹⁸, thereby decreasing regulatory constraints on these activities. Applications must demonstrate that the proposed waste management activity can be implemented and conducted consistently and repeatedly in a controlled manner without unacceptable impact on, or risk to the environment and health.
• For waste types that cannot be re-used or recycled, various options exist for energy recovery, including biogas projects and methane gas from landfills¹⁹. The Renewable Energy White Paper²⁰ will set out the mechanisms that government will implement to facilitate renewable energy technologies, including the Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff. Thermal treatment of waste must conform to air emissions standards to mitigate the impact on health and the environment.
• In some instances, the Minister of Environmental Affairs will declare a required percentage of recycled material in a product to actively promote markets for recycled material. The Waste Act provides for such a declaration.

A fundamental change in waste disposal practices will be supported by the development of a national recycling infrastructure through partnerships among the various role-players. The infrastructure will enable separation at source of organic waste, hazardous waste and clean general recyclable waste, and the collection of particular waste types that contaminate general household waste through specialised infrastructure. The responsibility of different role players for providing the recycling infrastructure for management of the different waste streams is set out in the following table.

Table 3: Role players' contribution to re-use, recycling and recovery of waste

Role	General Waste	Organic Waste	Recyclables (paper, plastic, metal, glass and tyres)	Hazardous (batteries, solvents, CFLs etc.)
Advocacy and education	Municipality	Municipality (with national and provincial support)	Industry in partnership with municipality	Industry
Providing bins at source or take back facilities	Municipality	Municipality	Municipality to provide additional bins at source, Industry to provide accessible take back facilities	Industry
Collecting waste	Municipality	Municipality	SMEs supported by industry	Industry
Processing waste	Municipality	Municipality	MRFs run by SMEs and supported by industry	Industry
Dispose of waste	Municipality (landfill)	Municipality (composting facility)	No disposal as per set targets	Industry

The fiscal instruments that support Goal 1 include full-costing accounting, cost-reflective tariffs, cost-recovery and, eventually, volumetric charging. The consequent increases in disposal fees will discourage waste generation. Goal 6 addresses fiscal instruments more comprehensively.

Three indicators will measure if the goal to promote waste minimisation, re-use, recycling or recovery of waste is achieved.

The first indicator will measure how the paper and packaging industry, pesticide industry, waste tyre industry and lighting industry perform against targets for waste minimisation, reuse and recycling set in their industry waste management plans. The aim is to fully achieve the targets in these four IndWMPs.

The second indicator measures the percentage of waste diverted from landfill. The target is to divert 25% of recyclables from landfill for re-use, recycling or recovery by 2015.

The third indicator will measure the number of municipalities in which separation of waste at source for households, businesses and organisations have been initiated. The target is for all metropolitan municipalities, secondary cities and large towns²¹ to have initiated separation at source programmes by 2015.

Goal 2: Ensure the effective and efficient delivery of waste services.

Waste services involve collecting waste from households, organisations and businesses, and disposing of this waste safely. Waste services are the Constitutional responsibility of local government, and municipalities are the primary interface between the public and government around waste management. The objectives of Goal 2 are to progressively expand access to at least a basic level of waste services, and to ensure that waste that cannot be re-used, recycled or recovered is disposed of safely in properly permitted landfill sites. These objectives address historical backlogs and inequalities in access to waste services, and improve the quality of life for the entire community by providing a cleaner place to work and live. Expanded waste services will also create jobs and so contribute to Goal 3.

Various regulatory, planning and fiscal instruments support the programme for effective and efficient delivery of waste services. They include:

• The National Domestic Waste Collection Standards²², which are minimum standards that municipalities must meet for waste services in urban, peri-urban and rural contexts. The standards aim to redress past imbalances in waste collection services. Municipalities will use the standards to determine the level of service to provide and to select options for waste collection, separation at source, provision of receptacles, collection vehicles, and health and safety standards.
• A policy that gives indigent households access to essential refuse removal services (the National Policy for the Provision of Basic Refuse Removal Services for Indigent Households²³) supports the provision of waste services to those who cannot afford to pay for the services. This policy specifies appropriate service levels based on settlement densities, composition and volume of waste generated, and the subsidy mechanisms for targeting services to the indigent.
• Municipal and provincial Integrated Waste Management Plans (IWMPs) will set out the strategy to achieve appropriate waste collection standards in each community. In these plans, municipalities set targets and describe how they will achieve them. The IWMPs will also contain methods to monitor and measure progress against targets.
• Municipal by-laws will set service standards for separating, compacting, and storing solid waste, managing and directing solid waste disposal, and controlling litter. These by-laws will be based on national standards. The DEA will develop and circulate a generic by-law to assist municipalities in developing their own by-laws. Environmental Management Inspectors will monitor compliance with the requirements for storing waste.
• Fiscal mechanisms, such as appropriate tariff setting and full-cost accounting for waste services, will help to fund the expanded waste services. Goal 6 describes these mechanisms in more detail.
• Coordinated action by different spheres of government is required to address the fiscal and capacity problems faced in waste service provision. An interdepartmental committee consisting of DEA, National Treasury, DCOG, SALGA and Department of Human Settlements (DHS) will be established to address waste service delivery issues and support requirements to municipalities to expand waste services.

Using the basic service levels defined in the National Policy on the Provision of Basic Refuse Removal to Indigent Households, it is estimated that 90% of urban households and 47% of rural households have access to adequate levels of service²⁴: Government will ensure access to basic waste collection services within 10 years. The strategy to achieve this has been set out in the Municipal Waste Sector Plan for Addressing Waste Service Backlogs²⁵.

Municipalities struggle to effectively manage landfills and it will become more difficult when waste collection services expand. The DEA will help municipalities to better manage landfills through the following interventions:

• DEA will publish a standard for disposal of waste to landfill²⁶. It will include regulation on standard engineering design as well as acceptance and disposal requirements for different classes of landfills. Restrictions will specify the types of waste restricted or prohibited from disposal. Guidelines will also be developed for thermal waste treatment.
• DEA will publish a standard to assess the level of risk associated with the disposal of waste to landfill²⁷.
• DEA will publish waste classification and management regulations that include criteria for and restrictions on waste disposal to landfill²⁸.
• Compliance with the norms and standards for hazardous wastes (established in the waste classification and management system) is crucial to achieve safe disposal of waste.
• DEA will complete a nation-wide assessment of the steps required to standardise management and licensing of existing disposal sites. This assessment will be the basis for designing and implementing a programme to licence landfill sites.
• A feasibility study on the regionalisation of waste disposal facilities will examine the costs and benefits of having regional disposal facilities.

The Minister, an MEC or municipality may require general waste transporters to register with the relevant Waste Management Officer (WMO) at national, provincial or local level. Transporters must prevent any spillage of waste or littering from a vehicle used to transport waste and the waste must be disposed of in an area authorised to accept such waste²⁹. The Waste Classification and Management regulations require implementation of a waste manifest system for hazardous waste which will augment the current regulations which manage the transportation of hazardous waste.

By 2015, 95% of urban households and 75% of rural households will have access to adequate levels of service³⁰. Annual Statistics SA surveys monitor the number of households receiving a waste management service. More detailed indicators are described in DEA's Waste Sector Targets and Performance Indicators³¹ and subsidiary indicators.

DEA will also monitor the percentage of waste disposal sites that are licenced. The target for 2015 is that 80% of the disposal sites will have licences.

Goal 3: Growing the contribution of the waste sector to the green economy.

Effective waste management has important economic and social impacts in addition environmental benefits. The waste management sector is an important part of the emerging green economy, and a well regulated, formalised waste sector will improve the efficiency of the overall economy.

The objectives of this goal are to stimulate job creation and broaden participation by SMEs and marginalised communities in the waste sector. These objectives include creating decent work through formalising the role of waste pickers and expanding the role of SMEs and cooperatives in waste management. New jobs will also be created by investing in recycling infrastructure to facilitate re-use, recycling and recovery³².

In line with the Green Economy Plan, measures will be implemented to strengthen and expand the waste economy so that it can generate and sustain jobs as well as formalise existing jobs in the waste economy. Growing the waste management sector will be primarily achieved through:

• Using labour intensive methods to extend domestic waste collection services to unserviced communities where appropriate.
• Extending and formalising jobs in the various stages of the recycling value chain, including collection, sorting, re-use and repair, product recovery, processing and manufacturing of recyclable materials.
• Developing new markets for recycling of wastes.

While the extension of domestic waste collection services is the subject of Goal 2, the method of collection has a major impact on job creation in South Africa. For their waste services, municipalities are encouraged to use labour intensive, community-based collection methods, particularly in areas that are difficult to access or service through conventional collection methods. The Expanded Public Works Programme has successfully piloted community-based collection methods and lessons learnt there will be applied in the roll-out of waste services in the country.

Goal 1 sets out the measures to increase the rate of recycling in South Africa. This will be achieved by the creation of a country-wide infrastructure that can significantly expand jobs in recycling. DEA will provide guidance to municipalities and industry on measures to improve the working conditions of waste-pickers, establishment of Material Recovery Facilities and expand the role of SMEs and cooperatives in domestic waste collection services.

Job creation initiatives in the waste sector will be supported by the R9 billion jobs fund, as well as investment by development finance institutions. Government will provide financial and non-financial support to SMEs and cooperatives in the waste sector through Khula, the South African Micro-Finance Apex Fund and the IDC's small business fund. Government is considering merging these three agencies' services to maximise administrative efficiency³³.

The indicators that will measure if this goal is achieved are the number of new jobs created and the number of additional SMEs and cooperatives participating in waste service delivery and recycling. The targets for 2015 are:

• 69 000 new jobs created within the waste sector³⁴.
• 2 600 additional SMEs and cooperatives participating in waste service delivery and recycling.

Goal 4: Ensure that people are aware of the impact of waste on their health, well-being and the environment.

Awareness of the impact of waste on health, well-being and the environment is very uneven across different communities, as evidenced by the extent of littering. The objectives of this goal are to create awareness of waste management issues and to add practical waste projects to basic education curricula. For maximum effectiveness, waste awareness and anti-littering campaigns will be linked to the recycling infrastructure and to extended waste services. This will be particularly important in separating waste at source. For this reason, municipal campaigns designed and implemented in partnership with local stakeholders, including labour, industry, civil society and NGOs, form the foundation of the strategy to create awareness about waste.

DEA will launch a long term awareness campaign on waste management, to be implemented in a sustainable and incremental manner, with the objective of achieving behaviour changes. DEA will work with SALGA to develop a coordinated national approach to waste awareness that will provide common messages and promotional materials to support the municipal campaigns.

To create incentives for municipalities, existing recognition programmes such as the Cleanest Town competition will be expanded and strengthened as part of DEA's "Cleaning and Greening" programme. Specific criteria for municipal performance will inform recognition programmes. These include sustainable and equitable provision of waste services and community awareness and participation in waste management.

The national approach to waste awareness will take into account existing provincial initiatives and will use the experience and expertise of NGOs already active in this field. Indalo Yethu, the government's environmental campaign, has a key role to play in waste awareness through its branding of environmentally friendly products and its involvement in DEA's Cleaning and Greening programme. Industry has an important role to play in educating consumers about appropriate disposal of products, and in implementing take-back programmes for products, such as compact fluorescent lights and batteries, that cannot be discarded in domestic waste streams.

DEA will work with Department of Trade and Industry (the dti) to ensure that the implementation of provisions in the Consumer Protection Act that support Extended Producer Responsibility is aligned with the National Waste Management Strategy. Consumer awareness programmes must be integrated into Industry Waste Management Plans. Similarly, labour has an important role to play in raising health and safety issues relating to waste management and in ensuring that workplaces comply with waste management standards and regulations.

Waste management is currently included as a cross-cutting issue at the higher levels of the school curriculum, along with broader principles of environmental protection and water conservation. Waste as a topic in the curriculum will be strengthened through practical projects such as recycling and litter control. DEA will help the Department of Basic Education to develop and review guidelines for these projects. The target is for 80% of schools to be implementing waste awareness programmes, such as recycling projects, by 2015.

The target for local awareness campaigns is for 80% of municipalities to be running campaigns about waste and littering. Ultimately, awareness and recognition programmes around waste should result in visibly cleaner towns and cities, a reduction in illegal dumping, and the successful implementation of separation at source programmes.

Goal 5: Achieve integrated waste management planning.

Among others, backlogs in the waste collection services, aging vehicles and equipment, growing human settlements and decreasing airspace in landfills are stark challenges that require a coordinated approach by each sphere of government. Integrated waste management plans (IWMPs) are the principal tool to achieve this coordination. This goal has two primary objectives: to establish an effective system of IWMPs, in particular at local government level, and to establish and maintain an information base on waste flows.

Integrated waste management planning at each level of government will align and integrate the actions of national, provincial and local government. The IWMPs will set targets and describe plans for the three tiers of government and give practical effect to the policies and instruments set out in this NWMS. IWMPs will importantly link to mainstream budgeting and resource allocation, and to systems for performance monitoring and reporting.

Municipalities are the primary providers of waste collection and disposal services, and establishing an effective system of IWMPs at local government level is a priority. The Waste Act requires all municipalities to develop implementable IWMPs. IWMPs need to be outcomes focused, and must include priorities, objectives, targets, and implementation and financing arrangements. DEA will publish guidelines for Integrated Waste Management Planning which will inform the second generation of IWMPs³⁵ to be aligned with the Waste Act.

IWMPs will be developed in a consultative manner, and will follow the provisions of Section 29 of the Municipal Systems Act.

IWMPs are approved in a tiered system, with municipal IWMPs submitted to the MEC for approval. The MEC must ensure alignment with other IWMPs and relevant plans. The Minister approves national and provincial IWMPs, which amongst others will set out how they intend to support municipalities to fulfil their obligations.

The Waste Act requires an annual review of all IWMPs, and annual performance reports describe the successes and challenges with implementing the IWMP.

To integrate waste services within broader municipal plans, municipalities need to amend their Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) to take account of the provisions in the IWMP. To align the preparation of IWMPs with the local government IDP planning cycle (linked to local elections every 5 years), municipalities will aim to complete their IWMPs during 2012. These IWMPs can then inform the new IDPs to be adopted within one year of the 2011 local government elections.

Waste planning requires accurate information on waste flows. Comprehensive information on waste flows from each waste management facility will be reported into the South African Waste Information System (SAWIS), which will contribute to an accurate national waste balance. The National Waste Information Regulations regulate the reporting of waste information for the protection of the environment and the management of waste. By 2016, all specified waste management facilities that are required to collect and report to the SAWIS are to have waste quantification systems.

To measure the progress of achieving integrated waste management planning, DEA and the provinces will monitor the percentage of municipalities who have prepared IWMPs and integrated them with IDPs. All municipalities must have IWMPs integrated with IDPs by 2015.

Goal 6: Ensure sound budgeting and financial management for waste services.

Sound budgeting and financial management are essential to sustainably provide waste services. In most municipalities waste services are under-priced and under-funded with aging capital infrastructure and insufficient capital investment. The objectives of this goal are for municipalities to use full-cost accounting and to implement cost reflective and, where feasible, volumetric tariffs.

Full-cost accounting is used to determine the complete cost of waste service provision. These costs include operational and capital expenditure for collection, transportation, landfill development and closure, street cleansing, fee collection, credit control, monitoring and enforcement costs, interest payments and depreciation. Full-cost accounting lays the basis for managing waste services as a financially sustainable service for all. It also enables municipalities to accurately project the costs of expanding the service. Using this information, municipalities can implement cost reflective tariffs and ultimately move onto more complex volumetric tariffs. Full-cost accounting will also indicate whether it is more cost effective to have internal or external waste service providers.

National Treasury will issue a municipal circular to provide guidelines for waste service budgets and the associated accounting practices required to make subsidy levels more transparent.

Waste management is an under-provided basic service and inadequate refuse removal is a negative externality that will require internal and external sources of revenue to compensate. The National Policy for the Provision of Basic Refuse Removal Services to Indigent Households³⁶ provides guidance on financing mechanisms and implementation strategies to budget for basic refuse removal from indigent households. Revenue for these services comes from internal sources (cross-subsidies within the municipality) and external sources (transfers from the national fiscus through the Equitable Share Grant and the Municipal Infrastructure Grant).

Cost recovery by means of the customer's municipal bill, which includes the billing for waste services, is essential for a financially sustainable waste service. Municipalities will structure the tariffs for waste services such that they can fund the maintenance, renewal and expansion of the infrastructure required to provide the services. DEA will provide updated tariff setting guidelines,³⁷ which include volumetric charging for waste service tariffs and establishment of revenue collection systems.

Tariff increases will be appropriately phased in so that consumers and businesses can manage their impact. Increasing user charges will take the number of indigent households and local economic conditions into account. Municipalities must justify in their budget documentation all increases in excess of the 6 percent upper boundary of the South African Reserve Bank's inflation target. Excessive increases in property rates and other tariffs, which might result in higher levels of non-payment and increased bad debts, must be avoided. Nevertheless, in the long term above-inflation increases in user charge rates will be unavoidable.

To avoid the unintended consequences of tariff increases (in particular increases in illegal dumping) the enforcement capacity in municipalities will be increased in parallel. Municipalities will ensure that by-laws are updated to support the enforcement of reulatory measures.

National Treasury will align equitable share provisions, Municipal Infrastructure Grants and other grant systems to support the extension of waste services and provide for minimum levels of refuse removal as a basic service. DEA and National Treasury will investigate and establish financing mechanisms to ensure that capital expenditures in the sector increase, to create a robust pipeline of municipal projects, and to develop an appropriate capital financing mix. DEA and National Treasury will also investigate the merits of a dedicated fund for supporting the extension of municipal waste services to un-serviced communities, using an Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) type delivery model.

DEA will participate in municipal budget reviews that National Treasury undertakes, and in performance monitoring of metropolitan councils, to ensure that waste sector objectives are met in relation to municipal financial management.

As a result of these actions, it is planned that by 2015 all municipalities that provide waste services will have established full-cost accounting for waste services and will have implemented cost reflective tariffs. This will be monitored using municipalities' annual financial reports to National Treasury, and consolidated in the annual Municipal Budget and Expenditure Review.

Goal 7: Provide measures to remediate contaminated land

The measures to remediate contaminated land in Part 8 of the Waste Act address the historical lack of regulation around contaminated land. The aim is to progressively mitigate the health risks arising from contamination by hazardous wastes. Due to the historical absence of statutory obligations to report contaminated land, little data is available on the number and extent of contaminated sites. The first objective for remediation is to quantify the extent of contaminated land caused by current and past high risk activities. Contaminated land needs to be quantified in terms of geographical extent and in terms of financial liability, in order to secure adequate funding for remediation. The register of contaminated lands will be the primary instrument for this. The second objective of this goal is to prepare remediation plans for contaminated land.

DEA will set out its approach to implementing Part 8 of the Waste Act in the Framework for the Management of Contaminated Land³⁸. To give effect to the measures in Part 8, a set of regulations will be gazetted in 2011. These regulations will require land owners to perform site assessments where high risk activities, such as the unauthorised disposal, storage, reuse, recycling, recovery or treatment of hazardous waste, have taken place.

Norms and standards will be established to define what constitutes contamination, and what is required for remediation. The Framework for the Management of Contaminated Land will set out technical standards and protocols for site assessments and remediation plans.

Promulgating these standards and protocols is a prerequisite for establishing the Register of Contaminated Lands, which will link to the national Deeds Register. After due consultation, guidelines will be issued that spell out the implications for affected sectors, and that describe the roles and responsibilities of affected organisations and persons, such as owners of contaminated lands, financial institutions involved in land transactions, property developers and estate agents.

DEA will assess the extent of the state's liability in terms of remediation so that appropriate funding arrangements in terms of a National Remediation Fund can be negotiated with the National Treasury.

The percentage of sites reported as contaminated to the contaminated land register which have had site assessments performed will measure progress with addressing contaminated land. The target for 2015 is to have completed assessments on 80% of the sites on the Register of Contaminated Lands. By 2015, DEA intends to have approved remediation plans for 50% of the confirmed contaminated sites. The number of site assessments that need to be performed, and the cost of remediation in terms of approved remediation plans will provide the basis for establishing funding requirements for contaminated lands. Goal 8: Effective compliance with and enforcement of the Waste Act

While the Waste Act creates a comprehensive legal framework for waste management, its provisions will be meaningless without measures to monitor and, where necessary, enforce compliance. Government cannot do this alone. Business and civil society have a vital role to play in creating a culture of compliance, and in reporting instances of non-compliance. For its part, government will systematically monitor compliance with the Waste Act, which includes regulations published in terms of the Act, licences, industry waste management plans and integrated waste management plans. This is the first objective of this goal. The second objective is for government to extend the current Environmental Management Inspectorate's capacity so that it can enforce the Waste Act.

Compliance monitoring is supported by a range of reporting provisions contained in the Waste Act. In addition to compliance reports for waste management licences and norms and standards, the Act has provisions for annual performance reports on the implementation of provincial and local Integrated Waste Management Plans. Industry Waste Management Plans are subject to review at intervals to be determined by the authority that mandated the plan. Furthermore, Environmental Management Inspectors and Waste Management Officers can request a Waste Impact Report where they suspect a contravention of the Act, licence conditions or exemption conditions. The existing national hotline for waste-related environmental crimes as well as the whistle-blower provisions contained in NEMA will augment the reporting mechanisms described above. These mechanisms will help to identify non-compliance and initiate enforcement actions. The information from these reporting mechanisms will be used to develop a programme for strategic compliance and enforcement inspections in relation to the Waste Act.

Government itself has a serious challenge in terms of the current state of treatment facilities and disposal sites, and as indicated under Goal 2 a national programme will be implemented to systematically bring these facilities into compliance. The Operating Procedure for noncompliant organs of state will guide how to address non-compliance. The Operating Procedure will be finalised and disseminated to all relevant organs of state. The capability to monitor compliance with and enforce the provisions of the Waste Act requires that the Environmental Management Inspectorate expands substantially. Approximately 800 additional Environmental Management Inspectors (EMIs) will be appointed; two-thirds of them will operate at provincial and local government level. The desirable number of EMIs in each municipality and province will be quantified. Recommendations for their designation will be made, including options for leveraging the existing skills base and, in particular, the inclusion of Environmental Health Practitioners (EHP). The qualifications of both types of enforcement officials will be aligned by including EMI Basic Training Material into the EHP National Diploma. An EMI Training Manual consisting of a set of Standard Operating Procedures will be developed to standardise and harmonise their compliance and enforcement activities.

DEA will monitor the compliance and enforcement through two indicators: the number of enforcement actions against non-compliant facilities, and the number of EMIs dealing with Waste Act issues at local, provincial and national level. Three sub-indicators will measure enforcement actions: the number of accused convicted, the number of Section 105A agreements (plea bargains), and the number of final directives/compliances notices issued. The targets for 2015 are a 50% increase in the number of enforcement actions, and the appointment of 800 EMIs. The objectives, indicators and targets for each goal are summarised in Table 4 below. Reference numbers next to text refer to notes at the end of the table.

Table 4: Goals, objectives, indicators and targets for the NWMS

Goal 1: Promote waste minimisation, re-use, recycling and recovery	Proposed indicators	Targets (2016)
Objective 1: Promote waste minimisation in the design, composition, and manufacturing of products	Targets and measures for waste minimisation in the paper and packaging industry, pesticide industry, lighting industry and waste tyre industry's IndWMPs	Full achievement of targets set in the four IndWMPs
Objective 2: Promote re-use, recycling and recovery	% of recyclables diverted from landfill sites for re-use, recycling and recovery	25% of recyclables diverted from landfill sites for re-use recycling or recovery2 by 2015
	No. of municipalities in which separation of waste at source initiatives are being implemented	All metropolitan municipalities, secondary cities and large towns39 have initiated separation at source programmes by 2015.
Goal 2: Ensure the effective and efficient delivery of waste services	Proposed indicators	Targets (2016)
Objective 1: Progressively expand access to waste services to at least a basic level of service	% of households receiving basic waste collection services	95% of urban households and 75% of rural households have access to adequate levels of waste collection services
Objective 2: Safe disposal of waste in licenced landfill sites	% of licenced waste disposal sites	80% of waste disposal sites have licences
Goal 3: Growing the contribution of the waste sector to the green economy	Proposed indicators	Targets (2016)
Objective 1: Stimulate job creation in the waste sector	No. of new jobs created in the waste sector	69 000 new jobs created in the waste sector1
Objective 2: Broaden participation by SMEs and marginalised communities in the waste sector	No. of additional SMEs and cooperatives participating in waste service delivery and recycling	2 600 additional SMEs and cooperatives participating in waste service delivery and recycling1
Goal 4: Ensure that people are aware of the impact of waste on their health, well-being and the environment	Proposed indicators	Targets (2016)
Objective 1: Municipalities to create awareness of waste management issues	% of municipalities running local awareness campaigns	80% of municipalities running local awareness campaigns
Objective 2: Add waste content to the school curriculum and ensure that there are practical waste projects in the basic education curricula	% of schools implementing waste awareness programmes	80% of schools implementing waste awareness programmes
Goal 5: Achieve integrated waste management planning	Proposed indicators	Targets (2016)
Objective 1: Establish an effective system of IWMPs at local government level.	The % of municipalities that have integrated their IWMPS into their IDPs	100% of municipalities have integrated their IWMPs with their IDPs
	The % of municipalities that have met the targets set in IWMPs	100% municipalities have met the targets set in their IWMPs
Objective 2: Establish and maintain an information base on waste flows.	The % of waste management facilities with waste quantification systems.	All waste management facilities required to report to SAWIS have waste quantification systems that report information to WIS.
Goal 6: Ensure sound budgeting and financial management for waste services	Proposed indicators	Targets (2016)
Objective 1: Ensure full-cost accounting for waste at municipal level	% of municipalities that provide waste services that have conducted full-cost accounting for waste services	100% of municipalities that provide waste services have conducted full-cost accounting for waste services
Objective 2: Implement cost reflective and volumetric tariffs	% of municipalities that provide waste services that have implemented cost reflective tariffs.	100% of municipalities that provide waste services have implemented cost reflective tariffs
Goal 7: Provide measures to remediate contaminated land	Proposed indicators	Targets (2016)
Objective 1: Quantify the extent of contaminated land	The % of sites reported to the contaminated land register which have site assessments performed	Assessment completed for 80% of sites reported to the contaminated land register
Objective 2: Prepare and approve remediation plans for contaminated land	The % of confirmed contaminated sites with approved remediation plans	Remediation plans approved for 50% of confirmed contaminated sites
Goal 8: Effective compliance with and enforcement of the Waste Act	Proposed indicators	Targets (2016)
Objective 1: Systematically monitor and enforce compliance with regulations, authorisation conditions and plans	% of successful enforcement actions against non-compliant facilities	50% increase in the number of successful enforcement actions against non-compliant facilities5
Objective 2: EMI capacity expanded to enforce the Waste Act	Number of EMIs dealing with Waste Act at local, provincial and national level	800 EMIs appointed in the three spheres of government to enforce the Waste Act.5

Explanatory Notes

1. Based on the estimated jobs impact of targets for expanding waste service delivery and diversion of waste from landfill contained in Department of Environmental Affairs, "Cost Estimate of the National Waste Management Strategy: Final Report", February 2011.
2. A 25% diversion of municipal waste from landfill for the purposes of re-use, recycling or recovery is informed by the target committed to in the Minister's Performance Agreement: Outcome 10: Environmental Assets and Natural Resources that are well protected and continually enhanced. This diversion will be achieved through the diversion of organic waste, construction waste and paper and packaging waste.
3. All metropolitan municipalities, secondary cities and large towns, referred to as Category A, B1 and B2 municipalities in the Municipal Infrastructure Investment Framework, DCOG & DBSA, 2008, to initiate separation at-source programmes.
4. 50% increase in the number of successful enforcement actions against non-compliant facilities will be calculated from the combination of the following three sub-indicators: the number of accused convicted, the number of Section 105A agreements (plea bargains), and the number of final directives/compliances notices issued.
5. The appointment of 800 EMIs is based on estimates of the number of EMIs required in each province and municipality. At a municipal level, the intention is for Environmental Health Practitioners to undertake EMI duties as soon as an EMI bridging training for existing EMIs is put into effect and in the longer term, the mainstreaming of the EMI Basic Training into the EHP National Diploma or BTech.

 

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15. Details of the awareness campaigns are described under Goal 4
16. Draft Standard for Disposal of Waste two Landfill, to be issued in terms Section 7(1)(a) and 7(1)(c) of the Waste Act, 2008, published for public comment, Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs, 2010
17. Defined by the South African Waste Categorisation and Management System as comprising garden and food waste
18. This is contained in the provisions in Part 4 of the Waste Classification and Management Regulations.
19. Biogas from landfill sites will be exploited in the short term, as significant benefits arise from reducing methane emissions because of its high global warming potential. Other technologies such as thermal energy from biogas digesters are in an embryonic phase, but have potential for future development.
20. The Renewable Energy White Paper is currently being updated and revised from the 2003 version, and will be finalised in 2011.
21. Referred to as Category A, B1 and B2 municipalities in the Municipal Infrastructure Investment Framework, DCOG & DBSA, 2008
22. Government Gazette No. 32687 Notice 1475 of 2009. Department of Environmental Affairs. National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 (Act No. 59 of 2008) National Domestic Waste Collection Standards.
23. Government Gazette No. 32688 Notice 1476 of 2009 Draft Policy on Free Basic Refuse Removal. Department of Environmental Affairs.
24. The service levels reported in the StatsSA data are not specific and do not accurately match the basic service levels defined in the National Policy on Free Basic Refuse Removal. To resolve these issues, the following assumptions have been made:
    • All communal dumping as recorded in the StatsSA data is considered inadequate as a basic level of service
    • On-site disposal is considered inadequate in urban areas
    • 50% of rural on-site disposal is considered to be inadequate

    The above assumptions result in the following revision of the StatsSA figures. The figures for 2015 and 2020 show the Government's targets:
    

    % adequate	Urban	Rural
    2010	90%	47%
    2015	95%	75%
    2020	100%	100%

25. Department of Environmental Affairs "Addressing Challenges with Waste Service Provision in South Africa: Municipal Waste Sector Plan Draft May 2010.
26. See Draft Standard for Disposal of Waste two Landfill, to be issued in terms Section 7(1)(a) and 7(1)(c) of the Waste Act, 2008, published for public comment, Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs, 2010
27. See Draft Standard for Assessment of Waste for Landfill Disposal, to be issued in terms of under Section 7(1)(a) and 7(1)(c) of the Waste Act, Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs, 2010
28. See Draft National Waste Classification and Management Regulations, to be issued in terms of Section 69(1)(a), (b), (g), (h), (m), (q), (s), (dd) and (ee), read with Section 71(1) and 71(2) of the Waste Act, Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs, 2010
29. Section 25 of the Waste Act.
30. The targets to expand access to waste services are based on the service levels defined in the National Policy on Free Basic Refuse Removal.
31. Department of Environmental Affairs "Addressing Challenges with Waste Service Provision in South Africa: Waste Sector Targets and Performance Indicators Draft August 2009."
32. The subject of Goal 1: Promote waste minimisation, re-use, recycling and recovery.
33. Announced in State of the Nation Address, 2011.
34. Based on the estimated jobs impact of targets for expanding waste service delivery and diversion of waste from landfill contained in Department of Environmental Affairs, "Cost Estimate of the National Waste Management Strategy: Final Report", February 2011.
35. Many municipalities have already completed "first generation" IWMPs which predated the promulgation of the Waste Act.
36. Department of Environmental Affairs. National Policy for the Provision of Basic Refuse Removal Services to Indigent Households. October 2010
37. Solid Waste Tariff Setting Guidelines for Local Authorities. DEAT. 2002.
38. The Framework for the Management of Contaminated Land was published for public comment in May 2010 by the Department of Environmental Affairs.
39. Referred to as Category A, B1 and B2 municipalities in the Municipal Infrastructure Investment Framework, DCOG & DBSA, 2008

3.1 Introduction

This section describes the regulatory and economic instruments that will give effect to the strategy set out in Section Two. The Act provides a toolbox of waste management measures to deal with the challenges of particular waste streams. Regulations issued in terms of the Act will give effect to these measures.

The measures described in this section are:

• Waste Classification and Management System – provides a methodology for the classification of waste and provides standards for the assessment and disposal of waste for landfill disposal
• Norms and standards – baseline regulatory standards for managing waste at each stage of the waste management hierarchy.
• Licensing – the Act provides for a list of waste activities that require licensing and the setting of licensing conditions. The Act also provides for listing waste management activities that do not require a licence if undertaken according to specified norms and standards or requirements.
• Industry waste management plans – enables collective planning by industry to manage their products once they become waste and to collectively set targets for waste reduction, recycling and re-use.
• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) – identifies particular products that have toxic constituents or that pose waste management challenges, and regulates industry responsibility for these products beyond point of sale.
• Priority wastes – identifies categories of waste that require special waste management measures due to the risks of these wastes to human health and the environment.
• Economic instruments – encourages or discourages particular behaviour and augments other regulatory instruments.

3.2 Waste classification and management system

Chapter 2, Part 2 of the Waste Act requires that national norms and standards for the classification of waste should be developed. The waste classification and management regulations provide a waste classification system for all wastes managed under the Waste Act. Waste is to be classified according to the Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)⁴⁰. GHS classifies hazardous substances according to the type and degree of risks that chemical compounds in different physical states (i.e. solid, liquid or gas) pose to human health and the environment.

Waste streams that are clearly identifiable will be pre-classified. Waste generators will not need to classify these wastes in terms of the WCMS. Examples of pre-classified wastes include domestic waste, uncontaminated building and demolition waste, business waste collected by municipalities, tyres, garden waste, post consumer packaging, asbestos wastes and health care risk waste.

The waste classification and management regulations set timeframes in which waste must be classified and managed, including wastes stored in lagoons. The regulations prohibit the mixing of waste prior to classification and require that co-disposal of domestic waste and industrial waste be phased out. Timeframes are also set for the phase out of macro encapsulation of waste.

Section 19(3)(a) of the Waste Act specifies that the Minister may, by notice in the gazette, indicate:

1. whether a waste management licence is required for listed waste management activities; and
2. the requirements or standards that will apply to listed activities for which licensing is not required.

To encourage re-use and recovery of industrial wastes the WCMS establishes a procedure for submitting motivations to the Minister for the listing of waste management activities that do not require a waste management licence. In the motivation to the Minister the applicant must provide details of local and international specifications or standards relating to the waste and the waste management activity⁴¹ as well as supply proposed requirements or standards specific to the waste management activity that would ensure that the activity can be implemented and conducted consistently and in a controlled manner⁴². The use of slag as aggregates for road building and the use of ash for cement extenders and brick making are good examples of wastes activities for which licences may not be required should certain requirements be fulfilled.

The WCMS regulations will replace the DWAF Minimum Requirements for the Handling, Classification and Disposal of Hazardous Waste. For hazardous waste, the WCMS institutes a management system consisting of waste manifests, safety data sheets, container labelling and detailed storage records:

• All generators of classified hazardous wastes must complete a waste manifest document that accompanies the waste until a manager at the point of disposal issues a receipt for the waste on the manifest.
• Apart from the waste manifest, the WCMS requires that a safety data sheet⁴³ accompanies all hazardous wastes, including contaminated general waste.
• Containers that store hazardous wastes must be labelled and storage facilities must keep detailed records.

This system will improve the management and quality of data available on hazardous wastes and ensure reporting to SAWIS.

The WMCS includes two new standards: the Standard for Assessment of Waste for Landfill Disposal and the Standard for Disposal of Waste to Landfill.

The first standard contains the requirements to assess the level of risk associated with the disposal of waste to landfill. The level of risk is based on identifying contaminants present in the waste and comparing these with determined limit values⁴⁴. The second standard provides for landfill classification and containment barrier design requirements⁴⁵, which supersede the liner design requirements for landfills contained in the Minimum Requirements for Waste Disposal by Landfill⁴⁶. The standards also include waste disposal restrictions and timeframes in which the wastes may no longer be disposed to landfill. This will encourage the development of alternative options for the management of these waste streams.

 

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40. As specified in SANS 10234
41. Regulation 9(g)
42. Regulation 9(l)
43. In accordance with SANS 11014
44. Both the total concentrations (TC) and the leachable concentrations (LC) for specified contaminates are to be determined. These concentrations must then be compared to the four levels of threshold specified. Risks are associated with each threshold. The standard prescribes the test methods for both the total concentration tests and the leachable concentration tests.
45. It provides for containment barrier designs, for class A, B, C and D wastes and identifies which type of waste can be disposed on which liner design. Furthermore, the disposal of very high risk waste to landfill is not allowed. The waste must be treated and re-assessed. High risk waste may be disposed of to a Class A landfill design. Moderate Risk waste to a Class B landfill design. Low Risk Class C landfill design. Inert Waste Class D landfill design.
46. 2nd Edition, 1998; Department of Water Affairs and Forestry

3.3 Norms and standards

The Waste Act allows for an integrated system of norms and standards across the three spheres of government. The drafting of certain norms and standards at a national level are obligatory, while others are at the discretion of the Department of Environmental Affairs. In addition, provinces may set norms and standards that are not in conflict with national norms and standards. Municipalities may also set local waste service standards. The system of norms and standards will be developed in a sequenced manner, with the priority to develop obligatory standards, which include:

• 7(1)(a) classification of waste;
• 7(1)(b) planning for and provision of waste management services; and
• 7(1)(c) storage, treatment and disposal of waste, including the planning and operation of waste treatment and waste disposal facilities.

In relation to the classification of waste, the waste classification and management regulations discussed in Section 3.2 will be finalised in 2012.

In relation to waste services (Section 7(1)(b), the National Domestic Waste Collection Standard addresses the collection of waste and includes requirements for separating waste at source, measures to promote recycling, and prescriptions for collection frequency.

In terms of discretionary national norms and standards, the priority is to develop technical standards for waste management activities that do not require a licence. These standards will promote re-use, recycling and recovery of wastes. Standards will also be developed for soil quality and remediation of contaminated land. These standards will be finalised in 2012.

Other discretionary norms and standards will be identified and developed using the following criteria:

• Contribution to achieving the waste management hierarchy, with particular focus on the re-use, recycling and recovery of wastes.
• Extent of the environmental impact.
• Impact on availability of landfill space.
• Relationship to other priority sectors (such as waste-to-energy and its contribution to the climate change mitigation strategy).
• Existence of established, proactive industries that adhere to additional operating standards.
• Existence of standard operating procedures which may be converted into standards for particular sectors or companies with multiple sites.
• Elements of the waste transportation sector that have not been properly regulated.

To prevent a proliferation of norms and standards, provisions for provincial and local government norms and standards will only be used where national provisions cannot effectively address provincial or local waste management issues. Instances where possible regional variation might be required will be identified and discussed in the appropriate intergovernmental forums.

3.4 Licensing Waste Management Activities

The purpose of licensing is to ensure that specific conditions regulate identified waste management activities (as currently listed47) that may have a detrimental effect on the environment. Chapter five of the Waste Act provides for licensing waste management activities. Licence conditions are monitored and enforced to ensure environmental protection.

 

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47. Department of Environmental Affairs (2009) National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 (Act 59 of 2008) List of waste management activities that have, or are likely to have a detrimental effect on the environment. Government Notice No.718, 3rd July 2009.

3.5 Industry Waste Management Plans

The industry waste management plan (IndWMP) is a planning instrument that will identify how a specific waste stream will be managed by industry. The IndWMP gives industry the opportunity to set out the additional standards that it will meet for waste management activities and how it will adhere to these. The IndWMP will commit the industry to targets for the management of the waste which may include recycling, recovery or re-use targets or in some cases waste collection targets depending on the waste stream. The industry will be required to report on these agreed targets, which will indicate the success or not of the plan.

IndWMPs can be waste stream specific or company specific, and can be submitted on a voluntary basis or as directed by the Minister through a notice in a government gazette. IndWMPs will assist industries to:

• Identify management and financing mechanisms for specific waste streams.
• Identify waste avoidance and minimisation targets for industrial sectors or companies.
• Set performance targets for the management, recycling, re-use and recovery of either a specific waste stream or wastes from a specific industry.
• Support a licence application.
• Identify the regulatory support required to achieve maximum compliance with the plan among industry stakeholders.

3.6 Extended Producer Responsibility

IndWMPs can include voluntary producer responsibility schemes for particular waste streams whereby producers, importers or retailers take responsibility for the waste generated by their products beyond point-of-sale and choose the most effective way of meeting their responsibilities.

The Waste Act also provides for the declaration of mandatory Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes whereby the Minister prescribes how a waste stream should be managed and the required funding mechanism to do so. Mandatory EPR schemes can be declared when voluntary schemes provided for by IndWMPs have failed to effectively manage a waste stream.

3.7 Priority wastes

The declaration of a priority waste is a regulatory measure in terms of the Waste Act that applies to wastes that pose a serious threat to health and the environment. The consequent waste management measures can severely limit or prohibit the generation of the waste. Such a declaration may also require detailed registration and reporting on the waste, limit its import and export, and ultimately culminate in a waste being phased out completely. The criteria for declaring a priority waste will therefore be considered very carefully prior to declaration.

3.8 Economic instruments

The Waste Act51 provides for economic instruments, and empowers the Minister, in concurrence with the Minister of Finance, to make regulations for incentives and disincentives to encourage a change in behaviour towards waste generation and management. Economic instruments can change behaviour indirectly by creating a set of incentives and disincentives through pricing. Pricing can offer a more cost-effective and dynamic form of regulation than the traditional command and control approach.

Economic instruments will be applied within the overall fiscal and taxation policy of government.

The selection and use of economic measures, including pricing, taxation, subsidies, incentives and fiscal measures will also be aligned with the principles established by NEMA, including the 'polluter pays' principle. According to the 'polluter pays' principle, all generators of waste (including businesses and households) are responsible for the costs of managing the waste generated. These include not only the direct financial costs of collection, treatment and disposal of waste, but also externalities such as health and environmental impacts.

Before economic instruments can be more widely applied, the pervasive under-pricing of waste services needs to be addressed. The under-pricing of waste services creates the wrong set of incentives, undermines waste minimisation efforts, and ultimately undermines the polluter pays principle. Additional economic instruments will create distortions and be ineffective in this context. DEA and National Treasury will conduct an annual review of pricing, and review the effectiveness of measures to correct pricing of waste services. This will be the focus of activities for the next three years.

During this period additional economic measures will be investigated, and evaluated in terms of their effectiveness, and potential impacts on income distribution and competitiveness. Consultation with industry and stakeholders will take place prior to the application of marketbased instruments.

DEA and National Treasury will undertake further research into implementing or extending the following instruments once under-pricing has been corrected:

• Deposit Refund Schemes: These schemes are most suitable for products that are easy to identify and handle; feasible to re-use or recycle; require careful disposal; and where co-operation is feasible between producers, retailers and consumers. Currently the private sector implements such a scheme for a specified range of glass bottles, where the consumer pays a deposit per bottle and the consumer receives a refund per bottle upon return to a retailer.
• Waste Disposal Taxes: These taxes address the external social and environmental costs of waste disposal and provide pricing that influences waste generation and disposal decisions by private actors. Waste disposal taxes require that effective regulation and monitoring of landfill sites are in place.
• Product Taxes: Product taxes will be directed at products or materials that a policy intends to reduce or remove from production. An example of this instrument is the Plastic Bag Levy52 that consumers who choose to buy plastic bags pay directly.
• ax interventions for hazardous waste disposal: Tax interventions for hazardous waste disposal will be considered in instances where more effective management of hazardous waste generators is required.
• Tax rebates and benefits: Industries could receive a tax benefit if they promote or implement recycling infrastructure.

As per the National Budget 2010/11 the following waste related environmental taxes and charges are being investigated:

• A wastewater discharge levy in terms of the Water Act.
• Levies on the waste streams of various products.
• A landfill tax at municipal level.

Further research is required into fiscal instruments for integrated waste management as follows:

• National Remediation Fund: DEA together with National Treasury will examine a remediation fund for contaminated land as discussed under Section 2.6 Goal 7.
• Solid Waste Project Development and Finance: DEA and National Treasury will investigate ways to ensure that capital expenditure in the sector increases; create a robust pipeline of municipal projects; and develop an appropriate capital financing mix. Support for capital financing of waste projects is needed from the private banking sector and Development Financial Institutions, and National Treasury and DEA will examine ways to improve the bankability of municipality's waste management projects.

DEA will work closely with National Treasury to monitor the implementation of the above economic mechanisms and to implement the necessary policy and regulatory tools.

 

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51. Section 69(1)(bb).
52. The Plastic Bag Levy is a tax which charges R0.04 per plastic bag in the 2010/11 budget.

4.1 Introduction

This section deals with the mechanisms necessary to implement the NWMS, and sets out the roles, responsibilities, coordination and review mechanisms that will give effect to the approach and instruments set out in sections 2 and 3.

The Department of Environmental Affairs and its provincial counterparts are responsible for the overall implementation of the Waste Act. However the implementation of the NWMS requires coordinated action by many players, including households, businesses, community organisations, NGOs, parastatals and the three spheres of government. Partnerships between these actors will lay the basis for waste awareness campaigns, recycling initiatives, and compliance monitoring, amongst others.

4.2 The role of the private sector

Industry is expected to proactively take responsibility for the waste generated throughout the life cycle of a product. Mechanisms to do so include industry waste management plans and extended producer responsibility programmes. Industry must institute cleaner technology practices to help minimise waste and have accessible take-back facilities for particular products or waste streams. To improve the quality of information on waste, industry must collect information on the waste that it generates and supply this information to the Waste Information System. Where required, industry must apply for licences and comply with licence conditions. Private sector representative bodies must ensure that their members understand, implement and comply with the provisions of the Act.

Private service providers play key roles in all stages of waste management, including in waste service delivery and recycling. An expansion of waste services to un-serviced communities will require municipalities to explore alternative service delivery mechanisms, including public private partnerships. The private sector is encouraged to actively engage in making universal service provision a reality and growing the green economy. The private sector should also respond creatively to new technologies in the fields of waste processing and treatment, and establish capacity in these areas as technologies become commercially viable.

4.3 The role of civil society

Consumers and households play an important role in the generation of waste from the products they consume. As end users they need to reduce, re-use and recycle waste wherever feasible, and dispose of this waste responsibly. They should be aware of the environmental impact of the products that they buy, and pass on a sense of environmental responsibility to families and colleagues.

NGOs, non-profit organisations, community based organisations, cooperatives and trade unions play important roles in all phases of the waste management hierarchy, including in recycling initiatives, delivery of waste management services, compliance monitoring, and education and advocacy.

Civil society formations are encouraged to participate in the development and implementation of the NWMS and Waste Act's provisions.

4.4 The role of government

Informed by the Constitutional assignment of powers and functions to the different spheres of government, the Waste Act assigns clear responsibilities for waste management activities to each sphere. Some of these responsibilities require partnerships between government, communities and the private sector.

Local government must provide waste management services, which include waste removal, storage and disposal services, as per Schedule 5B of the Constitution. Municipalities must work with industry and other stakeholders to extend recycling at municipal level. Municipalities must provide additional bins for separation at-source, and are responsible for diverting organic waste from landfill and composting it. Municipalities must facilitate local solutions such as Material Recovery Facilities and buy-back centres, rather than provide the entire recycling infrastructure themselves.

Municipalities must designate a waste management officer from their administration to coordinate waste management matters. They must also submit an IWMP plan to the MEC for approval. The IWMP must be integrated to the municipal integrated development plans (IDPs), and the municipal annual performance report must include information on the implementation of the IWMP. Municipalities must also register transporters of waste above certain thresholds on a list of waste transporters.

At their discretion, municipalities may set local waste service standards for waste separation, compacting, management and disposal of solid waste, amongst others. Local standards must be aligned with any provincial and national standards where these exist.

Provincial government is the primary regulatory authority for waste activities, except for activities for which the Minister is the authority. It must promote and ensure the implementation of the NWMS and national norms and standards. Similar to local government, it must designate a provincial waste management officer responsible for coordinating waste management matters in the province. It must also prepare a Provincial IWMP and an annual performance report on its implementation, both of which must be submitted to the Minister for approval. Provinces have a number of discretionary powers, some of which may only be exercised in consultation with the Minister. These powers include setting provincial norms and standards, declaring a priority waste, listing of waste management activities, registering waste transporters, requesting the preparation of industry waste management plans, identifying contaminated land and establishing a provincial waste information system. To provide a nationally harmonised regulatory environment for waste management, the provinces will only exercise these discretionary powers where clear and compelling reasons exist, after consultation with DEA.

National government, and in particular DEA, is ultimately responsible for ensuring that the Waste Act is implemented and that the various provisions are harnessed in the most appropriate and effective way. The Waste Act specifies various mandatory and discretionary provisions that DEA must address.

In terms of mandatory provisions, DEA is responsible for:

• Establishing the National Waste Management Strategy.
• Setting national norms and standards.
• Establishing and maintaining a National Contaminated Land Register.
• Establishing and maintaining a National Waste Information System.
• Preparing and implementing a National Integrated Waste Management Plan.

As discussed earlier, the Minister is the licensing authority for hazardous waste, activities performed by a provincial environmental authority or statutory body other than municipalities, or an activity that takes place in more than one authority or that traverses international boundaries. The Minister is responsible for international obligations relating to waste.

The Minister must designate a waste management officer from the DEA's administration to co-ordinate waste management matters.

DEA has numerous discretionary responsibilities that it may invoke. These include developing national norms and standards for waste minimisation, re-use, recycling, recovery and tariffs. DEA can declare priority wastes; identify products for extended producer responsibility programmes, list waste management activities, request industry waste management plans, register transporters of waste and initiate investigations of land that may be contaminated.

Other national departments play important regulatory and supportive roles in implementing the Waste Act, and waste management more broadly. The following table summarises the main national departments and their areas of responsibility:

Table 5: Roles of government departments

Department	Area of responsibility	Description
Department of Cooperative Governance	Waste services planning, delivery and infrastructure	Support municipalities to prepare IWMPs and integrate with IDPs. Make MIG funds accessible for development and upgrading of municipal landfill sites.
Department of Trade and Industry	Industry regulation and norms and standards	Manage the overall system of industry regulation. Apply Consumer Protection Act. Develop norms and standards using the Technical Infrastructure. Support the development of markets for recycled materials. Support the establishment of SMEs for waste collection services and recycling.
National Treasury	Fiscal regulation and funding mechanisms	Oversee financial integrity of intergovernmental transfers to provincial and local government. Manage the overall system of taxation and implement tax measures that support the goals and objectives of the NWMS. Determine budget allocations for waste management functions at national level.
Department of International Relations	International agreements	Give effect to Multilateral Environmental Agreements.
South African Revenue Services	Import and export control	Ensure waste management measures are aligned with the product codes in the Schedules to the Customs and Excise Acts.
Department of Water Affairs	Water quality and licensing	Collaborate with DEA in issuing integrated waste disposal licences.
Department of Mineral Resources	Waste management in the mining sector	Regulate waste management in the mining sector that falls outside the ambit of the Waste Act (including residue deposits and stockpiles), and remediate land that mining activities have contaminated.
Department of Health	Health care risk waste	Address health care risk waste and advise DEA and provincial departments on the appropriate standards and measures for the sector.
Department of Defence	Contaminated land	Remediate land contaminated by explosives waste.

4.5 Co-operative governance

The Constitution requires the spheres of government and organs of state to exercise their powers and functions in a mutually supportive and cooperative manner. The existing intergovernmental systems for coordinating environmental management provide the basis for cooperative governance in relation to waste management. These structures are:

• MINMEC: Environment is a standing intergovernmental body consisting of the Minister of Environmental Affairs, members of the provincial Executive Councils (MECs) responsible for environmental management functions, and SALGA. MINMEC meets quarterly.
• MINTEC: Environment is a standing intergovernmental body that gives technical input to MINMEC. MINTEC consists of the Director-General of the DEA, the heads of the provincial departments responsible for environmental management functions, and SALGA. MINTEC also meets quarterly.
• Committee for Environmental Co-ordination was established in terms of Section 7 of NEMA. The object of the Committee is to integrate environmental functions of the relevant organs of state, and to coordinate the environmental implementation plans and environmental management plans of departments and provinces. This is the appropriate forum to align the activities of DEA with other government departments, and to integrate the national IWMP into departments' strategic plans. The Waste Act specifies areas that require co-operative governance: waste management licensing, integrated waste management plans, waste minimisation, regulations and compliance and enforcement.

A waste management licence may only be issued with the required approvals from other organs of state that are legally mandated to consent to that activity⁵³. Furthermore, the Act provides for integrated licensing by means of an integrated environmental authorisation as contemplated in NEMA section 24L. Integrated licences are required for waste management activities that also affect air or water quality. DEA, DWA and MECs will collaborate to issue integrated licences.

IWMPs will mainstream waste management in local government. The MEC for local government and the MEC for environment will support and monitor the development and implementation of integrated waste management plans. DEA will consult with the Department of Co-operative Governance to develop guidelines for these plans.

In terms of industry regulation and economic measures, a number of issues raised in the NWMS require coordination between the DEA and the Departments of Trade and Industry and the National Treasury. A dedicated co-ordinating committee will be established to address the application of the South African Technical Infrastructure; the declaration of priority wastes and EPR schemes; the implications of the Consumer Protection Act; recycling schemes and the implications for competition policy; and incentives for cleaner production. The committee will also evaluate proposals that promote reduction, re-use, recycling or recovery of waste, as well as their economic impact.

In land remediation, coordination is particularly important because this is a concurrent mandate. An existing Government Task Team comprising the Departments of Mineral Resources, Environmental Affairs and Water Affairs focuses on mine closures and addresses remediation after mining activities. The mandate of this committee will be broadened to address remediation in its entirety. DEA will convene and provide the secretariat for this committee.

MINTEC Working Group 4 deals with compliance and enforcement, and it will clarify clarifying the roles and responsibilities of EMIs at national, provincial and local levels. EMIs coordinate their activities closely with the South African Police Services (SAPS), who play a crucial role in enforcing environmental legislation. In terms of NEMA, all police officers also have the powers of an EMI. EMIs cannot prosecute cases in court, so the results of their investigations are handed over to staff at the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) to prosecute. The Department of Environmental Affairs and the NPA will collaborate to ensure the successful prosecution of environmental crimes.

 

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53. Section 44 of the Waste Act.

4.6 Waste Management Officers

The Waste Act creates a specialised official, a Waste Management Officer, to coordinate waste management at each level of government. This addresses the historical fragmentation of waste management functions within government by ensuring that a dedicated authority in each sphere of government is responsible for implementing the policy and regulations of the Waste Act. The DEA has produced guidelines for the designation of WMOs, setting out their role, powers, profile and rank. The duties and responsibilities that the Waste Act and the NWMS assign to each sphere of government determine the roles and powers of their WMOs.

WMOs perform a regulatory function and should be located in functional divisions separate from service-delivery functions where possible. This is particularly important for overseeing adherence to national norms and standards, which is fundamental to achieving the objectives of the Waste Act.

The Act assigns specific regulatory powers to the National WMO and Provincial WMO's. They may request that holders of waste management licences appoint waste management control officers⁵⁴, and they may require waste impact reports when waste management licences are being reviewed⁵⁵.

The responsibilities of the national, provincial and local Waste Management Officers are in Table 6.

Table 6: Responsibilities of National, Provincial and Local WMOs

National Waste Management Officer	Provincial Waste Management Officer	Local Waste Management Officers
Chairperson of the National Waste Forum.	Chairperson of Provincial Waste Forum
Advises the Minister about the declaration of priority waste, EPRs, and mandatory Industry Waste Management Plans.	Advises the MEC.
Sorting out co-operative governance issues.	Sorting out co-operative governance issues.
Address overlapping mandates, particularly at national and provincial level.
Manage stakeholders in Waste Act implementation.	Manage stakeholders in Waste Act implementation.	Manage stakeholders in Waste Act implementation.
Liaise with national EMI compliance monitoring activities.	Liaise with provincial EMI compliance monitoring activities.	Liaise with EMI compliance monitoring activities in the municipality.
National IWMP: align planning and reporting cycles.	Provincial IWMP: align planning and reporting cycles	Municipal IWMP: planning and reporting cycles.
Build capacity in relation to Waste Act implementation.	Build capacity in relation to Waste Act implementation	Build capacity in relation to Waste Act implementation.
Formulate and oversee Waste Act implementation plan.		Monitor adherence to norms and standards in the delivery of waste services.

As part of their regulatory functions, the WMOs support the EMIs who enforce the provisions of the Waste Act. This requires a close working relationship between WMOs and EMIs. The WMOs will assist the Environmental Management Inspectorate to identify priorities for monitoring activities that present a significant threat to health and the environment. WMOs and EMIs will also work together to prepare Waste Impact reports⁵⁶. Under certain circumstances, both the EMI and WMOs can request a waste impact report, which will be done in consultation and co-operation with each other.

DEA will establish dedicated mechanisms to co-ordinate the efforts of WMOs (see Figure 5). Waste forums will be created at district, provincial and national level.

Figure 5: Coordination mechanisms for WMOs

To effectively co-ordinate regulatory and policy-making roles in relation to waste management, the chairperson of the National Waste Forum will report to Working Group II.

 

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54. Section 58(1) of the Waste Act.
55. Section 66(2).
56. Provided for in terms of Section 66 of the Waste Act.

4.7 Capacity building

Implementing the Act requires additional capacity in the three spheres of government. This includes adequate human resources as well as appropriate skills and training. The table below identifies the main capacity challenges in government that need to be addressed.

Table 7: New capacity required to implement the Waste Act

Sphere of Government	Functional Area	Requirements
All	Integrated waste management plans	Staff who can draw up plans for waste service provision
All	Monitoring and enforcement	800 additional EMIs, two thirds of them at local government level. Specialised training in the Waste Act for these EMIs
National	Norms and standards	Dedicated unit with technical experts, including process and chemical engineers and legal drafters.
National	Remediating contaminated land	New division that can administer the system.
National	Industrial waste management issues	Staff who understands industry waste management. Working relations with industry
National	Information management	Dedicated staff to collect, analyse and disseminate all waste and waste management information.
National and provincial	Licensing	Staff to interpret EIAs. Standards for EAPs.
Municipal	Planning	Staff who can plan for the appropriate levels of service, extension of services, and landfills.
Municipal	Delivering waste services	Staff that can manage internal waste service delivery or manage contracts with private service providers.
Municipal	Waste separation and recycling	Staff who can plan and establish such facilities.
Municipal	Financial management	Staff who can undertake full cost accounting, ring fence waste service budgets, establish and implement cost reflective and volumetric tariffs, and implement the free basic services policy through subsidies for the indigent.
Municipal	Financial planning	Staff who can plan capital expenditure based on infrastructure modelling
Municipal	Communications	Staff who can effectively communicate with communities about proper waste management practices.

The capacity challenge at local government level is particularly acute. A nationally coordinated capacity building programme for local government will aim to address the above challenges. DEA, the provinces and SALGA will jointly develop the programme. It will align with the overall strategic framework for local government capacity building that DCOG coordinates. The programme will include national policy guidance on systems and procedures, training and information programmes for officials and councillors, expert advice and placement for limited periods, and capacity building grants to support local initiatives. The programme will be implemented in 2012.

4.8 Waste Information System

In terms of Section 60 of the Waste Act the Minister has established a national waste information system for recording, collecting, managing and analysing waste data. The South African Waste Information System (SAWIS) addresses the lack of reliable data on the waste sector.

SAWIS will provide information to inform Integrated Waste Management Plans and Industry Waste Management Plans, and to evaluate their implementation. The information in SAWIS must inform public health and safety management, and help to assess the impact of waste on health and the environment. It must also provide information on waste to educators and researchers to raise public awareness.

Access for the public and industry to information stored on SAWIS is a statutory requirement of the Waste Act. However, safeguards will be put in place to ensure that companies have access to their own information only and that aggregated information is available for industrial sectors. Proprietary company information will not be exposed to third parties.

DEA will publish National Waste Information Regulations which will make reporting to SAWIS obligatory, and which will provide the volumetric or mass thresholds at which SAWIS registration and reporting is required. The volumetric or mass thresholds avoid the need for reporting by small scale recyclers. The regulations will stipulate sanctions for noncompliance.

Section 60(3) of the Waste Act provides for an incremental implementation of SAWIS57.

DEA will undertake a baseline study of the current quantities of waste which are generated, reduced, re-used, recycled, recovered, stored, transported, treated and disposed of for each of the waste types set out in the National Waste Information Regulations. This will inform the further development of SAWIS, and create a baseline for interpreting SAWIS information.

Provinces may optionally create their own waste information systems58. Provincial waste information systems should include all the information that the national system requires. Some provincial WIS systems already exist and dual reporting requirements are undesirable. To avoid multiple reporting, the Minister may exempt entities reporting to a provincial system from requirements to report to the national system once mechanisms exist to replicate information from the provincial system to the national system.

SAWIS will be implemented within the new technology framework for information systems described in Section 3.4.2. Horizontal integration of SAWIS with other waste regulation and information systems is required for licensing procedures (currently captured on NEAS). A new framework that integrates business procedures using a single underlying data base will enable this horizontal integration. The current implementation of SAWIS will move to the new framework.

An integrated procedure for licensing and registration on SAWIS is desirable, but does not exempt licencees from separately registering with SAWIS. Facilities that fail to meet licensing requirements or are granted exemptions from licensing requirements will still be required to register with SAWIS. A standard categorisation system exists for waste information submitted to SAWIS and it will align with the WCMS and reporting requirements stipulated in licences.

 

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57. For instance, generators of hazardous waste are currently not required to submit waste data. Instead, waste managers submit this data on their behalf.
58. Section 62 of the Waste Act.

4.9 Monitoring and evaluation

The NWMS aligns with the Government-wide Monitoring and Evaluation System (GWM&E)⁵⁹ outputs. Section 2, Table 4 of the strategy establishes national targets and indicators for monitoring and reporting on the NWMS. DEA will collate and review information on each of these indicators at least once a year.

The national targets and indicators for monitoring and reporting on the NWMS will be translated into specific targets and indicators for each provincial and municipal IWMP⁶⁰.

Effective monitoring requires annual performance reports on the implementation of the national, provincial and municipal IWMPs. These performance reports must include:

• The extent to which the plan has been implemented during the period.
• Waste management initiatives undertaken during the reporting period.
• Delivery of waste management services.
• Level of compliance with the IWMP and applicable waste management standards.
• Measures to secure compliance with waste management standards.
• For Provinces, the extent to which municipalities comply with the plan and reasons for any non-compliance.

The Waste Act⁶¹ specifies further requirements for the reports and the Minister may prescribe more.

Provinces submit their annual performance report to the MEC and the Minister for approval. Municipalities submit their reports in accordance with section 46 of the Municipal Systems Act. The first report will provide a baseline and each year's performance will become the following year's baseline.

Local municipalities submit their IWMP annual performance report to the district municipality, who then submits their IWMP annual performance report to the province. Provincial IWMP annual performance reports are then submitted to the national department who produce a national IWMP annual performance report. Deadlines and approval requirements in the Waste Act for annual performance reports are listed in Error! Reference source not found.8: Reporting requirements for IWMP annual performance reports

	National Department	Provincial Department	Municipality
Deadline for receipt of annual performance report	No later than 31 May each year		No later than 31 August each year
Report required	Annual performance report on implementation of IWMPs		Annual performance report to include progress reports on IWMPs
Approval required	Minister	MEC and Minister	Respective councils; copy to MEC; Minister DEA and DCOG

 

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59. The Presidency: Department of Performance Monitoring and Evaluation (2010) Measurable Performance and Accountable Delivery, Outputs and Measures, Outcomes draft, 10 May 2010.
60. See goal 5 in Section 2 for more details about IWMPs.
61. Section 13 (2).

4.10 Mechanisms to give effect to international obligations

Various international agreements to which South Africa has acceded relate to waste management. A number of non-binding conventions and protocols are also relevant to waste management. This section summarises the main actions in the NWMS related to implementing international agreements.